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• Fraud Detection System Design for UPI PaymentsAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to fraud detection system design: rules plus a model, features, label delay, cost-based thresholds, analyst review and drift, shown on one running example of a UPI payments app.24 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
• Frontend Accessibility and i18n: Design for Every UserFrontend · A plain-English guide to frontend accessibility and internationalization, built on one running example: a pension web app used by retirees in 12 Indian languages.25 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
• Frontend Security: XSS, CSRF and CSP ExplainedFrontend · A plain-English guide to frontend security: how XSS, CSRF and clickjacking work and how to block them, built on one running credit society portal example.26 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
• GenAI System Design Interview: How the Round WorksInterview prep · A plain-English guide to the GenAI system design interview: how it is scored, how to spend 45 minutes, and a worked insurance Q&A answer, built on one running example.25 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
• How Google Spanner Works: TrueTime and Global ConsistencySystem design · A plain-English guide to how Google Spanner uses TrueTime, atomic clocks, commit wait and Paxos to give one global order to transactions, shown on one running example of a remittance ledger.24 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
• Gossip Protocols and Failure DetectionSystem design · A plain-English guide to gossip protocols and failure detection, from heartbeats to SWIM and phi accrual, built on one running cache cluster example.25 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
• GraphRAG: Knowledge Graphs Meet RetrievalAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to GraphRAG: how it builds a knowledge graph from documents and retrieves by following relationships, shown on one running example of a supplier-risk research tool.24 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
• Hotel Booking System Design: Search and No Double BookingsSystem design · A plain-English guide to hotel booking system design: storing room nights, fast date search and stopping double bookings, shown on one running example of a homestay booking app.25 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
• How TLS Works: The HTTPS Handshake and CertificatesBackend · A plain-English guide to how TLS and HTTPS work: the TLS 1.3 handshake, certificates, the chain of trust and renewals, shown on one running example of an online signing service.25 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
• Image Optimization: Formats, Sizes and Lazy LoadingFrontend · A plain-English guide to image and media optimization on the web: formats, responsive sizes, lazy loading and video, built on one running example of a craft marketplace.30 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
• Instagram System Design: Photos, Stories and the FeedSystem design · A plain-English guide to Instagram system design: photo uploads, storage, CDN delivery, post IDs and 24-hour stories, shown on one running example of a regional photo-sharing app.27 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
• JSON vs Protobuf vs Avro: Size, Speed and Schema ChangesBackend · A plain-English guide to JSON vs Protobuf vs Avro: message size, decode speed and schema evolution, shown on one running example of GPS trackers on fishing boats.24 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
• Design a Gaming Leaderboard with Sorted Sets and Live RanksSystem design · A plain-English guide to leaderboard system design: sorted sets, fair tie-breaks, city and weekly boards, safe score updates and sharding, shown on one running example of a nightly trivia quiz.28 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
• Liveness vs Readiness Probes: Stop Routing to Sick PodsBackend · A plain-English guide to liveness, readiness and startup probes in Kubernetes: what each one checks, what happens on failure and how to set them, built on one running ambulance dispatch example.22 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
• LLM Capacity Planning: Back-of-the-Envelope MathsAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to sizing an LLM feature for a traffic spike, from users to requests, tokens, GPUs, memory, rate limits and cost, built on one running example of a test-prep chat helper.22 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
• LLM Customer Support Bot System Design: Ticket to HandoffAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to LLM customer support bot system design: intake, triage, help centre answers, human handoff, cost per resolved ticket and SLAs, shown on one running example of a home broadband provider.24 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
• Error Analysis for LLM Apps: Read Traces Before MetricsAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to error analysis for LLM apps: sampling traces, writing failure notes, grouping them into categories and turning them into tested checks, shown on one running example of a home-services booking assistant.22 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
• LLM Quantization: INT8, INT4 and Quality LossAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to LLM quantization: how INT8 and INT4 shrink a model, why it gets faster, where quality drops, and how to test it, built on one running Hindi chatbot example.23 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
• LLMOps Explained: From MLOps to Production LLMsAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to LLMOps: how it differs from MLOps, what to version, and how to ship LLM changes safely, shown on one running example of a cloud-kitchen menu assistant.22 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
• LoRA and QLoRA Explained: Fine-Tune a Model on One GPUAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to LoRA and QLoRA: how small adapters and a 4-bit frozen base let you fine-tune a large model on one GPU, shown on one running example of a farm-advice assistant.26 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
• MapReduce vs Spark: Disk, Memory and What RDDs ChangedSystem design · A plain-English guide to MapReduce vs Spark: why one writes to disk between steps, how RDDs keep data in memory and recover with lineage, built on one running crop-yield example.23 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
• Business Metrics vs ML Metrics: Better AUC, Worse RevenueAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to ML metrics vs business metrics: why a model with a better AUC can earn less, and how to pick, connect and test the right metrics, using one running online store example.23 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
• Multi-Turn Evaluation: Testing Whole LLM ConversationsAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to multi-turn evaluation of LLM chat assistants: scenarios, simulated users, scoring and repeated runs, shown on one running example of a rental flat assistant.25 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026
• Multimodal RAG: Searching Images, Tables and ScansAI and GenAI · A plain-English guide to multimodal RAG: how to search photos, scanned forms and tables as well as text, shown on one running example of a motor insurance claims assistant.27 min read · Updated 21 Oct 2026